Hi every person, welcome to the NPTEL training course
on groundwater hydrology and administration week 1, lecture 2. We are very still extremely early in the lecture
collection for groundwater hydrology and administration. The first week, as I pointed out in my separation
slides for the week, we would certainly be checking out what will certainly be used in the following training course,
and likewise emphasizing on the relevance of groundwater. Groundwater is a really important resource
unless we comprehend why and why is it utilized so, a lot in India, it will certainly be challenging to
manage it properly. So, the understanding first comes adhered to
that we will take you through the administration part. The hydrological cycle would be discussed
in many civil engineering scientific research courses. Generally, the multiple components and this
is the overall hydrological cycle.Let me discuss the hydrological cycle for those beginners.
It is a cycle which can begin with any factor and after that be cyclic in nature. So, for convenience of educating it and understanding let us start from the environment,
which is the clouds So, in the environment we have clouds and clouds.
have water vapor which is being compressed. Once it condenses, especially after cooling down down and several various other procedures, what occurs you get precipitation. Precipitation can come as ice, snow and glaciers. It can additionally come as rainfall Considering that in India most regions receive rains.
I will state some other things.
What occurs?
There is no transpiration, there is no evaporation from open surfaces, a lot of it would certainly be
gone. And so your cycle, which is your rainfall cycle will certainly not happen. As well much of that is likewise poor, which is what we are seeing in environment modification situations, that way too much heat or warming can raise your evaporation,
therefore boosting floods and droughts.Droughts since there is no rain and floodings due to the fact that as well much rain can come at a solitary factor. So we have actually seen the different components
and for groundwater, it is very crucial to comprehend there is groundwater storage space,
there is groundwater flow, even groundwater blending into the ocean back.
So this is an intro for a hydrological cycle. We will certainly come back into the groundwater hydrology, which is a focused hydrological cycle within the general hydrological cycle. What you see is a general hydrological cycle. Let us see why it is very crucial to manage groundwater. Okay? Let us take an action back and comprehend total water source monitoring. Where is our water coming from? Where is it saved? Okay
, so we will respond to these questions now. Generally, every one of the water if you take in the planet and do an evaluation
, this is the outcomes out of the 100 percent of water that we have from the earth 97.5 portion is in oceans. Which implies it is either saline or not functional, not obtainable, because exactly how do you gain access to water from the Pacific Ocean? Are you going to put a huge pipe and afterwards pump it out? No.First energy et cetera is not there most importantly, the
high quality of water, which is brackish salty, you can utilize it. Comes this 2.5 percent which
is freshwater. Out of the 97.5 or 100 percent 97.5 is salty water in seas 2.5 is freshwater. Not all this freshwater is useful. So now of the 100 percent of freshwater, so this circle is 100 percent of the 2.5.
So do not think it
is one more one hundred percent. All the freshwater icecaps and glaciers have 79 percent which means on top of the Himalayas, the huge alps and all the big snow regions, Finland, Iceland, et cetera. And afterwards you have your glaciers and Arctic s. So, you have all this together incorporating to be around 79 percent. Which leaves us to 21 percent of readily available freshwater easily readily available freshwater or relatively conveniently of the 21 percent just 1 percent is easily available surface area water,
whereas the remaining 20 percent is groundwater. So, currently comes the large picture in the freshwater, the accessible water is groundwater, the biggest element because you are not going to sit and melt glaciers and icecaps, there are some nations which are
believing of taking glacier water for drinking.But how do you sustain that? Right? But groundwater is kind of decentralized, it is everywhere, so you can conveniently access it and after that take it up. But is it lasting is the concern so that is what this entire training course has to do with. The 1 percent, which is easily available, remains in the kind of
lakes, dirt moisture, atmospheric stress, rivers water within living organisms.
What whatever you see as
big big rivers Ganges and the Brahmaputra et cetera all this is not just for India, yet for the world. , if you combine all the huge rivers all the lakes dams and so on which are keeping water is only within the 1 percent of freshwater. How much percent will certainly it be on the total that is such a very little section. So, of the water sources if your need is high for freshwater what do you do.You will have to ultimately go for groundwater since it is 20 percent of
your freshwater. So mostly water is salted in the oceans even freshwater is secured. As an example, in glaciers icecaps, snow it is locked, it is not quickly accessible. Quickly obtainable is a very small section and of the portion, groundwater rankings greatest which is 20 percent of freshwater, not all Because sometimes groundwater obtains secured into the, 20 percent can be quickly removed dirt the rock products, you can leave that part. Science and innovation has actually raised the access to groundwater. Allow us see another document similar percents by a different study and you will understand that of the freshwater a 96.5 percent is a sea season based icecaps glaciers long-term snow is 1.74.
So, 1.69 is the actual percent of groundwater of the overall of that as I stated, fresh groundwater is only 0.76 whereas 0.93 is all saline groundwater you can not utilize it.
Biological water is 0.0001 which is in our bodies, the animals and so on.
This is the globe standard.
8 percent would certainly be utilized for domestic so it is an excellent standard.
However then the industry of demand is less just 10 percent and agriculture need is extra 82 percent.
Most of the water is spent on farming in creating and lower income nations not only for them, due to the fact that they are going to
export the food to establish countries.
Those kinds of industry. They export really much less. 59 percent is made use of for sector.
So, now you can see that high-income nations. are clever being used the water for market,
which can produce more work, which can produce even more income for the country. Whereas low -and middle-income nations use most of the water for farming, which is a sole purpose of feeding the public. And it has really much less
revenues compared to the market. The same water, you can look at just how a. high-income nation makes use of for example, Singapore would certainly get all the food, materials, crops,. rice, chicken, anything associated to food, they can be sourced from bordering countries. like Malaysia.And they can put all their water into sectors. or financial institutions and those kinds of points. Whereas the farming countries, low
income. mid nations are keeping low revenue due to the fact that they do not utilize their water for high-end products. I am not stating that these nations should. likewise obtain right into industries what I am stating is the profit and the value of agriculture. is kind of low. And that is why low -and middle-income nations.
Come to be reduced due to the fact that either means you still have to consume? If you have a market which can offer. good water associated profits, why can farming end up being that also? So, we need to believe in those terms to bring. up the nation because India itself is a farming nation.If you make use of now this understanding in this. number, can you see wherever the red marks are the areas where agriculture is predominant. As an example, even the US this is where you. have your almonds and orchards growing in
Amazon exported to every nation, consisting of.
India. And after that you have your rice and other farmings. in the subcontinent, Southeast Eastern nations, and after that you have farming happening in. some parts here. And Center East is always highly difficult. water due to the high you know, temperature level and desert sort of a community. So, we can not compare that very little farming.
here. Many farming nations, here we have,.
really high stress and anxiety, since the majority of the water is utilized for agriculture, not sectors, and. they do not get much earnings out of it.So, that is why they come to be still drought. Moving on, within in India likewise allowed us now.
take a case research discovered within India 54 percent of India encounters high
and exceptionally high-water. stress.
Very same report, if you consider just for India,. you could discover, astonishingly that, above half of India, let us take the populace.
greater than 500 million individuals are going to be under very high-water or high anxiety.
problems. This is bad news, because we need to.
push further in preserving water. And if you check out where this is a lot more widespread,. you could see mainly the states with high farming activities, Punjab, Haryana,.
and also the desert, community sort of regions, and mainly your rice wells in the south.
There is a large demand to press for far better.
water monitoring resources. And this is additionally the reason your groundwater.
This is a report from the main groundwater. And they have actually classified the blocks in India. We will certainly not get into the details of just how it.
regions.And along the regions where there is a remarkable. quantity of pumping, pumping for agriculture, there is not much pumping for sectors,. there are one or 2 blocks you will find.
One block in possibly Bangalore or in Chennai,. you can find a great deal of water being used, yet a lot of the water is used for agriculture. So, if you see a combination of blocks like. this, like this, then that indicates there is high need on groundwater. And they are removing greater than they should,
. which mores than making use of. On this note, I believe it is clear that we. ought to comprehend where groundwater hydrology comes right into image from the general hydrology. We have actually likewise comprehended where groundwater.
There could be various price quotes, but still,. And within that one percent, some are not.
obtainable. There is still a very tiny section of. available water.
Little
it is, it is the biggest, easily. accessible freshwater
resource on the planet. So on one hand, it is currently less. On the other hand, it is the largest source,. conveniently accessible.And on the 3rd, it is access almost everywhere. for agriculture.
Because of the convenience and accessing groundwater,. We would certainly have to look at groundwater in. And to comprehend that, how
to manage handle,.
The multiple companies that deal with groundwater.
management and groundwater tracking, yet there is a large need on local hands on engagement. So, that we could all integrate collectively. and use it on the same way all incorporate and collectively handle groundwater.And with this I would love to conclude today ' s. lecture.
Thanks.
.
Where is our water coming from? The same water, you can look at exactly how a. high-income country uses for instance, Singapore would purchase all the food, materials, plants,. We have additionally understood where groundwater.
Since of the ease and accessing groundwater,. We would have to look at groundwater in.