Healthy Planet, Health People: Global Warming and Public Health

[Authorities GPO Transcript] [Ms. Solis] Greetings. I want to
call the Select Board on Power Independence
and Worldwide Warming to order, and wished to let our witnesses
and every person know that we are having some trouble with timekeeping
due to the fact that these clocks are not working properly,
but we will give you an indicator when you start to speak
what the timing will be. I think a lot of you know what that procedure
is like. Unfortunately, today Chairman Markey
is not able to be with us; he had a– wrinkle. He is getting
it looked after. And I put on'' t mean it facially or figuratively
talking; he broke his wrist, so we hope that he will certainly have a.
quick recuperation and come back to us soon. I am extremely delighted that this particular.
hearing is mosting likely to focus on healthy and balanced world, healthy.
individuals, international warming, and public health and wellness, something that.
several of us right here on the committee have been talking about for.
some time.And it just happens that this week is both National.
Public Health Week and Globe Wellness Day, therefore we are focusing.
on the effect of climate adjustment that will certainly carry our areas.
and the wellness and well-being of our communities. Today'' s. hearing is a chance to resolve this vital partnership. The Globe Wellness Organization reported that.
the effects of climate adjustment may have caused over 150,000.
fatalities in the year 2000, and predicts that these impacts are.
likely to enhance in the future. According to the IPCC, the United.
States will be tested by raised warmth waves, air pollution,.
woodland fires throughout the training course of the century, with possibility.
risks for damaging wellness effects such as warm anxiety,.
boosts in bronchial asthma, allergies, obstructive and chronic.
lung disease.Last October,

the supervisor of the United States.
Facility for Disease Control and Avoidance, Dr. Julie.
Gerberding, testified that environment adjustment is prepared for to have.
a wide series of effect on the wellness of Americans and the.
nation'' s public health framework. The World Health Company.
found that the unfavorable public health impacts of climate.
change will overmuch influence neighborhoods that.
are currently at risk. Kids, the senior, inadequate, and communities.
of color, as we understand, are most susceptible to the unfavorable.
wellness effects of climate change. Greater than 50 percent of 30.
million individuals in the united state are impoverished and they currently.
live in metropolitan areas; the majority of these communities are.
of shade. And a current report released by the IPCC kept in mind that.
these communities will certainly have much less capability to take care of impacts.
of environment change.Many of those

areas are currently experiencing.
advancing exposure. 5.5 million Latinos.
and 68 percent of all African-Americans live within the range.
where health influences from power plants are one of the most severe,.
and greater than 70 percent of African-Americans and Latinos live.
in areas that breach government air contamination requirements. The EPA initially acknowledged the feasible effects.
of climate adjustment on public health and wellness over a years ago,.
and in 1997, EPA'' s publication, entitled “Climate Change and Public.
Health and wellness,'' ' ' the EPA composed that, “as climate changes, natural.
systems will certainly be undercuted, which can position a number of.
dangers to human health and wellness.'' ' ' And in 2001, the EPA sponsored a.
report for the International Adjustment Study Program qualified, “Climate.
Adjustment and Person Health And Wellness: The Potential Effects of.
Climate Variability and Change.'' ' ' The report stated that the assessment.
makes clear that the prospective health impacts vary.
and need boosted health facilities and enhanced.
targeted research study. As policymakers, we have a moral essential.
to make certain that plan and regulations protect our most.
susceptible population. The wellness and.
welfare of minority and low-income areas remains to be.
endangered by the administration'' s failing to create and execute. and implement ecological regulations, including the regulation.
of greenhouse gases.
public health; it is needlessly risking public health.Hurricane Katrina

showed. to the world the straight result that environment modification is having.
on the wellness of our most prone populations. These end results,.
as we understand, will certainly get worse unless there is action taken. Before we begin, I would certainly likewise such as to say.
that I am let down that we did not receive testimony.
from the administration before the beginning of this.
hearing. The failing of the administration to find to arrangement.
on the CDC testimony is not only in infraction of board guidelines.
and politeness, it is likewise a terrific injustice to my coworkers on.
this committee that are entitled to the possibility to understand beforehand.
what a witness' ' position is, and in this situation the administration ' s. placement. Honestly, this is yet an additional indication of.
the function of politics that is playing in science, and I.
hope in this instance that the statement shows the scientific research and.
not the politics.The management should acknowledge our function. in protecting against impacts of environment change on prone neighborhoods,. including the demand to enhance health
standing and health. equity, the incorporation of health and wellness policy in the growth. of climate action, and the need
to stop oppressions. such as those that resulted in Storm Katrina. I expect speaking with every one of our. witnesses today, and I truly intend to thank our chairman, Ed. Markey, for consenting to have this really vital hearing. He has actually been a longtime advocate in this location. we see the day now where these problems that we have actually been chatting. about have actually pertained to the forefront. So I will certainly generate back the balance of my time,. and I will certainly recognize Congressman Blumenauer, from Oregon,. for 2 mins. [Mr. Blumenauer]
Thanks, Madam Chair. Well,. really I might– because it is a little much more loosened up, I. might take a couple extra, in
component since, as you, I am in three.
places simultaneously today, for which I say sorry, however we have.
obtained some ways and suggests things going forward.We are missing out on. a caucus and I don'' t also recognize where else I was supposed to be,.
I desired to be right here to reveal my appreciation to the committee.
and team for bringing us with each other and for the witnesses.
to join us. Not everybody is right here. We have had a possibility,.
To evaluate some of the testament that did obtain.
to us, and we will certainly– the document that is being built, I think, is.
extremely, extremely essential to be able to educate and shape what.
we are mosting likely to be performing with environment modification. And being able.
to focus on the human wellness facet here, I assume, is probably.
the most under-appreciated and important location. Last week we had our state epidemiologist,.
Mel Kohn, give a discussion in Rose city, where he described.
the public wellness concerns that he is dealing with from environment.
modification, from warm front to vector-borne condition, asthma, allergy,.
air pollution, persistent– it was a pretty terrifying litany of things.
that they are thinking about with, from adjustments to physical.
activity to food instability, mental health.We need to be able. to obtain the large picture together to be able to progress.
on this. One certain location that I am confident that.
the witnesses can assist us focus on and supplement the document,.
taking care of the problem of waterborne disease in certain. And this is an area that is a global initiative;.
it is something we have actually been working on with my affiliate, Ms. Benner, given that the Johannesburg Globe Sustainable Advancement.
in 2002. We have got the Water for the Poor regulation, yet it.
is not being moneyed. And candidly, the management, yet,.
has not even put together the strategy that was asked for under.
that legislation. And this is only going to be intensified if.
worldwide warming proceeds: a typical worldwide temperature levels.
boost by just one level, we are discussing a 3rd of a.
billion situations of waterborne disease. Numerous thousands.
of people, possibly, that would certainly be passing away. There are chances with our assessment.
of global warming to in fact deal– to eliminate climate.
adjustment, to actually enhance human health.We have got

some regulations,.
Dr. Frumkin, managing recycling, and land-use,.
and transportation, that really not only addresses.
environment adjustment, however really has the possibility of.
assisting the human physical task and problem. We will certainly be.
progressing keeping that. One aspect I didn'' t see, a minimum of as we were. reviewing last night the testament that had been submitted,.
handled climate adjustment'' s effect on minimized biodiversity and.
missed chances for clinical developments, and.
I don'' t know if that is going to locate its method right into the record. now or later on. The testament had that legendary image of the polar.
bear. And some people are disregarding, you recognize, one more.
species, more or much less, but simply thinking of the outstanding.
capacity of the polar bear to quickly for 150 days, keep a reasonably.
regular body temperature level, preserve bone mass, deliver,.
I mean, simply basically quit the other processes– the effect.
that can have for long-term human wellness is something that.
I am enthusiastic we can obtain some aid from you and others.I am going

to linger for as lengthy as.
I can; I hope to return. I value your leading us via.
Great. Thank you extremely much, Mr. Blumenauer. I likewise would such as, at this time, to ask for.
consentaneous permission to insert Ed Markey, our chairman,.
his declaration into the document. If there is no argument, then.
Next I would certainly like to recognize.
the recognized participant from California, Mr. McNerney, for.
an opening declaration. Do not hesitate to take more than 2 minutes if you.
Great. Well, I generally am.
a short speaker, so I will, most likely. Thanks, Madam Chairwoman,.
and this is a truly fundamental part of the question on the.
concern of global warming, is the health effects. We recognize there.
is going to be swamping effects and so forth, but the type of.
second impacts, I assume, are going to be really more vital.
There is going
to be things like problem trouble.
The warmer temperature levels– and I am.
There will be floodings and dry spells, which have. health impacts.There will be loss of environment, which.
Mr. Blumenauer described a min ago. We will certainly lose exotic.
We have an entire array of impacts that are. It is crucial for us right now to recognize what those impacts.
and we can begin to utilize that as a concern to enhance the
public ' s. recognition and desire to accompany actions that we.
And one thing I constantly such as to say is that. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman. Thank you.
I thank the gent. from California. Simply for the sake of clarity right here, each panelist. will have a chance to give an opening statement for.
5 minutes, and afterwards from there we will most likely to concern and answer.
And I say sorry if we put on ' t have every one of our members here;. we do have a collection of other board meetings and caucuses that. are going on.So our first witness, I wish to say thanks to.
Dr. Frumkin for coming right here. Just a brief intro: Dr. Howard Frumkin offers as the director of the National. Prior to signing up with the CDC in September 2005,.
and Occupational Health at Emory University, Rollins School. of Public Health and wellness.
He previously acted as a participant of EPA ' s Children ' s. Health and wellness Protection Advisory Committee, where he
chaired. the Smart Development and Climate Change workgroup.He presently'offers on the Institute of Medication. roundtable on ecological wellness services, research,. and medicine. He is the lead writer on “Environment Modification: The General Public. Health Feedback, ' ' which was published in the American. Journal of Public Wellness.
This document lays out the. CDC ' s technique to attend to environment modification effect on public health and wellness. in the USA. Dr. Frumkin, welcome, and thanks, and you. might begin. Dr. Frumkin.
Thanks really much, Madam Chair. and various other recognized participants of the board
. I. am grateful to you for occupying this really important topic.
As you claimed, I am Howard Frumkin, director.
of the National Facility for Environmental Health and the Company. for Poisonous Compounds and Condition Computer Registry at the Centers. for Illness Control and Prevention.
I am below to speak. on our arising understanding of environment adjustment and its possibility. influence on health and wellness, and to discuss steps we are taking,.
as public health officials, concerning these possible
effects. I identify that this subject continues to be controversial,.
and some of my statement may not always reflect.
Defense Agency.I would like to make 3 basic factors. Environment adjustment is really much a public health worry. Potential health.
Jointly, that science base is very well. I won ' t go into those in any even more information currently. The bottom line.
As the chair has actually pointed out on numerous celebrations,. Public health and wellness is really dedicated to.
addressing wellness disparities, and that dedication significantly. needs to be a part of our actions to resolve climate modification also. The second point is that we require public health. action to attend to the prospective health and wellness effects. of environment change.Fortunately, the tools of public wellness– the. devices in our toolbox– are very appropriate to addressing.

environment adjustment. Core functions of public health include security. and monitoring; accumulating information on environmental.
threat variables and on wellness outcomes; episode investigations,. to make sure that we much better comprehend emerging or reemerging illness. that might be related to environment adjustment;
readiness planning,. such as warm wave preparedness strategies, to ensure that officials at the. regional level can much better protect their populations from some. of the effects of climate change; research, due to the fact that
we need. to understand a lot better the health effects of climate. adjustment. Communication is a core feature of public.
features, and they can extremely, very readily be released as.
we resolve environment modification. With the permission of the chair, I would certainly.
like to send for the record an article entitled, “Environment.
Modification: The Public Health And Wellness Action, ' ' that makes these.
factors in considerably even more detail. My 3rd factor is that CDC has a strong foundation. for the work that we require to'' do going forward.
We. have ongoing activity, and have for a long time, in such. functions as Vector-borne illness security, warm front. public health, strong functioning partnerships with state and. regional health departments, readiness planning, wellness. communication.These are activities that are well-established at. the CDC and form a solid foundation for relocating forward as we. address environment adjustment. In closing, allow me offer a great information facet
.

of the difficulty that we face.
As has been mentioned. in the opening statements, a lot of the actions we need to take. to deal with climate change use a variety of co-benefits. that will profit public health as well as ecological and. various other locations in varied means.
If people walk. and bike more, not just is that part of the climate change feedback,. however it helps to promote exercise, it helps us. accomplish clean air, it helps in reducing the risk of car crashes, thus. offering a wide series of health benefits.We assume there are several opportunities to profit. wellness in varied ways as we deal with climate change. Component of our job at the CDC, and in public wellness extra typically

,. is to document the scientific research base for those co-benefits
to. bring them to the focus of the general public and policymakers,. That with each other we can secure health as well as we potentially. can as we move on in dealing with environment change.
Thank you, once again, for your passion in this. subject and your dedication. I am pleased to respond to any kind of. inquiries. [
Ms. Solis] Thanks quite. Our next speaker is Dr. Jonathan Patz.
Dr. Jonathan Patz is a teacher and director of international environmental. Evaluation on Climate Adjustment, and was an assembling lead writer. For the past 14 years, he has actually been
a lead author writer.
Patz is president of the International. Organization for Ecology and Health, and has edited 75. peer-reviewed papers and a book addressing the wellness.

impacts of global environmental change. He has offered on several. clinical boards of the National Academy of Sciences,. and currently serves on the science
advising board of both. the CDC and EPA. At the EPA he additionally serves on
a committee checking out. the health and wellness influences of environment modification on youngsters. Welcome, Dr. Patz, and congratulations. Dr. Patz. Thank you. And it is truly an honor.
I desire to thank you for enabling me to present to this. U.S. National Analysis on Environment Adjustment wellness professional.
and various sort of wellness risk contrasted to others that.
we have actually managed in the past. We are utilized to managing single.
representatives of illness, and searching for a remedy or a vaccination. to poisonous chemicals and attempting to find out ways to.
lower direct exposure. But environment modification can possibly impact our.
We understand regarding straight results from. Chicago warm wave. We recognize that heat waves eliminate individuals.
And the estimates from. the climatologists are that we are mosting likely to be having more constant. and extra severe warm waves. We have, in our sense, or our preliminary. findings, at the very least for Wisconsin, showing that there will. be a disproportionate boost in severe warm. waves compared to a decline in cold
snaps.So we are stressed about. this. Dr. Jacobson will go further right into detail looking. at air pollution impacts of environment change. I will. simply factor out that accompanying warm front are commonly stagnant.
air masses that intensify air pollutions, and according to.
the IPCC mentioning environment research studies, there
might be a boost. in stagnant air masses, a minimum of for the eastern United States. One study that I desire to explain that took.
Another air pollution problem is pollen.And. The issue of. And Agent Blumenauer brought up the.
Our team actually examined the– all. waterborne illness outbreaks reported in the USA in between.
the years 1948 and 1994, and we discovered that the majority– actually,.
regarding 60– well, two-thirds, two-thirds– 67 percent of. reported waterborne illness break outs were come before by very.
We see this problem of extremes of the hydrologic.
It is. extremes, you recognize, extra droughts and more flooding, that really.
could offer a difficulty to our already tested water. quality. And in communities with rusting pipelines and water. systems, this can be an added pressure. So, can we adjust to
these difficulties? As Dr. Frumkin stated, we do have numerous– we have ways to adjust to. a number of these concerns. I would suggest that we require
a multi-pronged. technique that includes both preparedness and more upstream. greenhouse gas mitigation.We do need to address details. Issues of warm waves, air quality, water top quality problems. not lose sight of the origin problem that is driving this, and. that is climate change brought on by greenhouse gas exhausts. In coming close to climate

change, we need to.
take a look at this not alone of various other ecological problems.
that can act in harmony with environment modification. .
a warmth wave over a sprawling city environment with lots of heat-retaining. surface areas, the city warmth island result. When a typhoon, or. hits a city like New
Orleans, and the truth that the coastal. wetlands have been degraded makes that location a lot more. susceptible to a climate occasion. So we require to check out environment. change with various other issues. As Dr.

CDC ' s approach to address environment modification effects on public health and wellness. Environment modification is really a lot a public wellness worry. Public wellness is really committed to.
Core features of public health and wellness include monitoring. United State National Evaluation on Environment Change health and wellness expert.Frumkin pointed out, there are
If we minimize fossil, wonderful chances– co-benefits–
gas burning, and alter our transportation system, and
Thank you extremely a lot. Our next audio speaker is Dr. Georges Benjamin.
Dr. Georges Benjamin has been the executive director for the American Public Health Association, the country ' s earliest and largest organization of public health and wellness professionals, considering that 2002. Health and wellness Week to environment change effects on wellness in America. Markey to present a resolution identifying this week. We presently have 104 cosponsors on the resolution.
And we would such as to welcome you, Dr. Benjamin. Thank you, and you have 5 mins.
Dr. Benjamin. Greetings, Madam Chair and members of the board. Let me firstly thanks really much for that resolution. We think that is a really, very crucial statement of the engagement of Congress in this issue
of climate modification. You understand, every year the American
Public Health And Wellness Association produces policies– public plan statements– that. we assume are essential for the public ' s health, and we. really put out our first public law on climate adjustment back. in 1995. This past November we reaffirmed that policy, and
numerous. of things because policy are very constant with both. your statement, Madam Chair, as well as my colleagues– points my. colleagues right here at the table have said.Let me simply point
out 4 points, just in. the passion of time. Number one, the fact that environment modification. is genuine and does impact our wellness

, and most importantly, that.
there are particular populations that are much more in danger– prone. populaces. Number 2, that we definitely sustain policies. that are co- helpful, indicating that public health has.
a possibility below to obtain threefers and twofers and actually leverage
. public health and wellness activity to try to improve the climate as well. as our very own human health.Number 3, that we wear ' t know a lot, or.
as long as we need to recognize, regarding the affiliation. In between environment change and

our health, and.
what we can do about it. And so there is truly
a need for. a phenomenal research study effort to find
a few of those things. out. And afterwards four, this requires boosting the public wellness. system with the skills, tools, and ability to
truly address. this extremely, really essential duty.
Currently, this week throughout National Public Health And Wellness. Week, what we are trying to
do, of training course, is to elevate consciousness. around this issue. We are asking all Americans to. do 5 things. Top, be prepared, especially for. these severe weather events. This follows all. of the other preparedness task that is taking place for. a variety of dangers to human health.
Secondly, to believe. concerning taking a trip differently, which implies folks like me require. to drive much less and stroll more, bicycle extra, do what we can. Eat differently; discover ways in which
. we can definitely consume more locally, do points to make sure that. both it improves our health along with address the issue of. environment change.That implies consuming more vegetables and fruits and.
much less meat, and that is always a challenge for an individual like me.
Greening your work, reusing. American Public Health And Wellness Association we had an occasion.
that we can do to environment-friendly our work; we actually have a Green Group.
at our office, which is trying to lead by instance.
And green your home: all the points that we.
discuss in regards to insulating your home, altering the. bulbs to the compact fluorescent light bulbs, lowering
your usage. of inefficient items, recycling, et cetera, and preserving. water. These are points that we believe all Americans. can do, and we are trying to motivate, this week, for all. Americans to concentrate on this initiative.
I assume the communication.
Top, remain to play. a leading duty around.
We think that Congress and the. administration both have a chance to play a very essential. function here.
That consists of accrediting a program at the Facility. for Condition Control and
Prevention– a very certain program.
to resolve this issue, consisting of the financing to support that.
Funding the National Institutes of Health,. particularly NIEHS, to begin doing a few of the fundamental scientific research.
Better funding and assistance for the
. These are possibilities for you to utilize. And additionally supply funding for health impact evaluations.
wellness influence of the activities that we are mosting likely to do as a means of.
We assume, in final thought, that we. We believe we ought to begin now. I additionally, with your consent, would like to.
paper on climate modification in addition to a blueprint file that.
we have right here. If we can possibly introduce those in the document. Keeping that I will certainly– [Ms.Solis] Thanks. Without objection,. we will consist of that in your testimony. Dr. Benjamin.
Thanks significantly. Madam Chair,. I will pass the rest of my time. [
Ms. Solis] Thank you. Thank you quite,. Dr. Benjamin. It is an enjoyment dealing with you. Our next speaker is Dr. Dana Finest; she stands for. the American Academy of Pediatrics. This is a. not-for-profit specialist company
of 60,000 key. treatment doctors, pediatric medical sub-specialists, and pediatric. medical professionals, dedicated to health and wellness, security,. and the wellness of babies, youngsters, adolescents, and young. adults. Dr. Best is an assistant teacher of pediatrics. at the George Washington College
Institution of Medication. and a participating in medical professional at Children ' s National. Medical Facility in Washington, D.C.
She offers additionally on the American. Academy of Pediatric Medicine Committee on Environmental Wellness,. “Global Environment Modification and Kid ' s Health.
Dr. Ideal. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman.
chance to indicate today on the influence of environment.
change on child wellness, and I am proud to stand for the American.
Academy of Pediatric medicines in this regard.Human health is influenced by the physical atmosphere. As the environment changes, environmental hazards. will certainly transform and typically increase, and
youngsters are likely to. endure disproportionately from these adjustments. Expected. health and wellness risks from environment adjustment include extreme. weather condition events and weather condition catastrophes, boosts of transmittable. condition, and air contamination. Within every one of these classifications,. kids have boosted susceptability contrasted to various other.
groups. The health and wellness repercussions associated with severe.
climate events include death, injury, infectious disease,.
and blog post -distressing psychological health and habits problems.
Experiences with Hurricanes Katrina and Rita demonstrated the. Vector-borne infections are influenced by climate. Adjustment.
Since they have ignorant resistance, youngsters experience.
overmuch high degrees of both illness and fatality from.
malaria. Environment modification is broadening the variety of insects.
to higher elevations and latitudes, and warmer.
temperatures speed up the development of the bloodsucker within the. insect itself. Children will certainly be most influenced by the.
expansion of the malarial areas and the success or failure.
Youngsters are particularly susceptible to both. Youngsters ' s lungs are expanding and creating; they breathe. Formation of ozone
, in particularCertain is knownUnderstood
Kids that. Rates of pre-term birth, reduced birth-weight
,.
have suggested that part of the international rise in childhood asthma. can be discussed by boosted direct exposure to irritants. in the air driven by climate change; those are allergens like.
plant pollen, as previously mentioned. For all microorganisms there exists a range of. ideal temperatures, above and listed below which illness. and death rise. Human beings are no exception.
As temperature levels. rise, the frequency of warm front boost. Youngsters spend even more time outside, usually playing. sports in the heat of the mid-day, which places them. at boosted danger of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Outside time. during heat may also put children at boosted threat of. ultraviolet radiation-related skin damage, consisting of skin.
cancer cells. Food schedule may be affected and land.
and ocean food efficiency patterns change.
Water availability.
World populace is anticipated to grow by 50. percent, to 9 billion individuals, by 2050, which would certainly put.
additional stress on environments and boost need for power,.
fresh water, and food. As these modifications develop, social and.
political organizations will certainly require to respond with hostile.
mitigation and adjustment techniques to protect and.
shield public health, particularly for kids. Along with its recommendations to pediatricians.
for lowering their very own power needs and incorporating.
sustainable techniques right into their individual and specialist.
lives, the American Academy of Pediatric medicine calls upon.
government in any way degrees, from the smallest municipalities to.
the nationwide and global degrees, to implement hostile.
plans to stop contributions to environment change brought on by.
humans, and mitigate their effect on youngsters'' s health.First, policymakers need to establish hostile.
lasting policies to decrease the major adding.
elements to international environment modification. The Environmental.
Defense Firm must establish the national ambient air-quality.
criterion for ozone at 0.060 parts per million. Our government should purchase sensible and.
essential preparations for our public health and wellness treatment systems,.
consisting of immunization programs and condition prevalence.
reporting and tracking. Which implies they need to be funded,.
too. Policymakers must offer specific focus.
to the needs of youngsters in emergency situation management and calamity.
reaction. Federal governments should sustain education and learning and public.
recognition of the dangers from climate change and their.
effects for public and youngsters'' s health and wellness currently and in the.

future.Governments ought to fund interdisciplinary study to.
develop, carry out, and procedure end results of ingenious methods.
to both adjust and alleviate to environment adjustment, especially.
those effects that have direct ramifications for youngsters'' s health. In order that members might have accessibility to the.
complete information on this topic that we have actually prepared,.
I wish to ask that our declaration– the American Academy.
of Pediatrics' ' plan declaration and technological record, both.
called, “Environment Adjustment and Kid'''s Wellness ' '– be consisted of. in the hearing record. Finally, the American Academy of Pediatrics.
commends you, Madam Chairwoman, for holding this hearing.
today to promote the possible impacts of international.
climate adjustment on kids'' s wellness. We look onward to functioning.
with Congress to stop the negative influence on child health and wellness.
triggered by global environment modification, and prepare for those we may.
Thank you. Thank you, and without argument.
Our next audio speaker, and our last.
audio speaker, is Dr. Mark Jacobson. Dr. Mark Jacobson is director.
of the Environment and Energy Program and teacher of civil.
and environmental engineering at Stanford College. He has been at the center of creating.
versions to much better understand the impacts of air pollutants on.
climate and air high quality. In 2000, he found that black.
carbon, the primary element of residue, might be the 2nd leading.
source of worldwide warming, after carbon dioxide. In 2001, he developed the very first international through.
urban range air pollution weather climate model.His newest

.
publication is titled, “On the Causal Link In Between Carbon.
Dioxide and Air Contamination Mortality.'' ' ' Dr. Jacobson, welcome, and thanks for coming. You have 5 minutes. [Mr. Jacobson] Thanks, Madam Chair. I would certainly.
like to give thanks to the committee for welcoming me to affirm today. I will certainly go over scientific searchings for on the.
impacts of co2 given off throughout nonrenewable fuel source combustion.
on air pollution health and wellness in California, about the United.
States as a whole. I will certainly after that talk about how these findings contrast.
with both major presumptions made by Environmental Defense.
Company manager Stephen L. Johnson that developed.
the basis of his decision to deny California'' s demand for. a waiver of Clean Air Act preemption. On March 6, 2008, EPA Administrator Johnson.
released a summary of his choice to deny the California.
Air Resources Board request for a waiver. The choice was.
made on 2 premises. First “Greenhouse gas emissions from The golden state.
autos are not a causal element for neighborhood ozone degrees.
any type of more than greenhouse gas discharges from various other resources.
of greenhouse gas emissions in the globe,'' ' ' he

says.And second,.
“While I discover that the conditions associated with global climate.
change in The golden state are significant, they are not adequately.
different from the conditions in the country as a whole.
to justify separate state standards. These identified.
impacts are found to affect various other components of the United States, and.
consequently these results are not adequately various contrasted.
to the country as a whole.'' ' ' These 2 issues are questions of clinical.
fact, which I will address right here with results from a released.
research I performed, funded partly by the EPA, and.
subsequent analysis. The research study started around 2 years back, before.
the waiver concern became a problem, and prior to EPA funding commenced.
on the job. It was additionally the culmination of research study on.
the effects of climate adjustment on air contamination that I started.
8 years back and of study on the domino effects of air.
pollution that I started 18 years earlier. I first examined the.
results of temperature level alone, and independently, water vapor.
alone, on ozone making use of a precise service to a collection of numerous.
hundred chemical formulas in seclusion. The figure on the screen now shows the resulting.
ozone at low and high contamination levels.A comparison.

of the solid line, base temperature, with the dashed line, 1.8.
degrees Fahrenheit or one level Kelvin greater temperature level, in.
the number shows that the rise in temperature level increases.
Ozone when ozone is already high at all water vapor levels.
When ozone is reduced, has little or no effect on ozone. The figure.
additionally reveals that water vapor, the straight axis, separately.
rises ozone when ozone is high, however can a little decrease.
When ozone is low, ozone. This outcome implies instantly that higher.
water vapor– sorry, greater temperatures and water vapor– should.
Increase ozone where it is currently high.It is. Angeles, Visalia, Bakersfield, Fresno, Merced, and Sacramento.
ought to enhance ozone pollution in California greater than in.
the united state all at once. The next action was to review whether carbon.
dioxide might trigger the temperature and water vapor adjustments.
When many other processes are, enough to effect ozone.
taken into consideration all at once, and to review effects in.
The golden state. For this, a three-dimensional global version of.
the ambience that concentrated at high resolution over the United.
States was used. The following collection of numbers reveal differences in.
temperature level, water vapor, and ozone over the United States.
due only to historically emitted fossil gas co2.
from the simulation. Carbon dioxide increased near-surface.
temperatures and water vapor, and both sped up back to enhance.
near-surface ozone– the last number revealed– as anticipated.
from the previous evaluation. Carbon dioxide likewise raised particles.
in populated areas for numerous reasons defined in the.
composed testimony. The changes in ozone fragments and carcinogens.
were combined with population and health and wellness impacts information to.
These annual additional fatalities are occurring. Fahrenheit, or 0.85 Kelvin, greater than in pre-industrial times. Of the extra deaths, more than 30 percent occurred in California,.
As. such, the death price per capita in The golden state mored than 2.5 times. the national ordinary fatality rate per head due to carbon. dioxide-induced air pollution.A straightforward extrapolation from U.S. to world. populace gives regarding 21,600– there

is an error bar– deaths. per year worldwide, per one degree Kelvin or 1.8 level Fahrenheit,.
due to carbon dioxide. Co2 boosted health hazards.
Yet the rise was reasonably tiny. The golden state ' s carbon dioxide as if its local emissions.
In such a. instance, controlling local co2 in The golden state still.
reduces the air pollution-related death and health problem rate in.
The golden state at a rate 2.5 times greater, per capita, than it.
Carbon dioxide exhausts do not immediately. The raised carbon dioxide. The rises in regional carbon dioxide led.
is a basic causal element of air pollution. in California.
The last slide right here shows compares. modeled and gauged specifications over each hour of a month. and shows the capability of
the computer design made use of right here. to imitate the weather condition at particular times and places. Finally, this analysis finds the following: International warming due especially to carbon.
dioxide presently raises the air pollution fatality rate of. individuals in The golden state greater than it increases the death rate of individuals. in the United States all at once
, loved one to the corresponding. population.The factor is that greater temperatures and
water. vapor because of carbon dioxide enhanced contamination the a lot of. The fatalities are currently taking place. Controlling carbon dioxide from California. Carbon dioxide levels in cities.
Such elevated. degrees of CO2 were located to raise ozone in California. Thus, locally discharged carbon dioxide is a. causal element in raising air pollution.These results negate the primary presumptions.
greater than carbon dioxide-than anywhere else worldwide. I. am unaware of any type of clinical magazine that supports either. assumption.
Thank you. [Ms. Solis] Thanks significantly.
We will certainly now start examining, and I will. begin with myself for a 5-minute round of examining. Dr. Jacobson, thanks quite for
being. below. According to your discussion, you were specifying, or. highlighting, that there is
a correlation in between cities. and the high incidence of emittance of co2 and. the unfavorable impacts it has in different cities in California.Now, Los Angeles is very various from, claim,. Bakersfield or the Central Valley.
Can you simply touch. on that particular, what a few of those– you recognize, exactly how
that is taking place with. that process there? [

Mr. Jacobson] Okay. In terms of co2,. well– among the air pollution in the Central Valley is.
because of particulate issue air pollution as well as ozone, and.
in Los Angeles it is also because of particle issue and ozone,. however in some cases various times of the year. Carbon dioxide. is given off even more– there is more co2 sent out in Los. Angeles, so the carbon dioxide levels in Los Angeles will certainly be higher. However, the Central Valley does receive
— emit. its very own, and additionally receives a great deal of carbon dioxide
from. the San Francisco Bay Area as well as originating from the
south,. from Los Angeles.

Wellness Week to climate change influences on wellness in America. The golden state ' s carbon dioxide as if its regional emissions. The increases in regional carbon dioxide led. Managing carbon dioxide from The golden state. Locally released carbon dioxide is a. causal variable in raising air pollution.These results negate the major assumptions.And there are mosting likely to be– the Central Valley
is much more spread out, so you anticipate the ozone modifications particularly
will be over a bigger area, but it has a fairly lower population
and concentration, in terms of its focus
And the air pollution. What will happen if we take no.
Well, right currently, historically,.
temperature levels have already increased as a result of carbon dioxide,.
and this is currently creating around, I would certainly say, approximate a medium.
value of about 800 added deaths annually, compared to.
the background of about 50,000 deaths each year as a result of air pollution. The history air contamination fatality price in the.
U.S.Is 50,000 to 100,000, and per one level Celsius or 1.8.
Fahrenheit boost in temperatures; that is approximated as about.
1,000 additional deaths, with a series of 350 to 1,800 per year. Much, the temperature levels have currently climbed.
about 80 percent of this, and so fatalities are currently.
taking place. In the future they are expected to occur much more. .
Do you concur with the decision.
that EPA made? Do you have any type of talk about that? [Mr. Jacobson] No. I disagree with the choice.
for the reasons I pointed out in my testimony, that there.
is no basis in science that we understand of right currently for the.
2 major reasons that were pointed out by Manager Johnson.Those were assumptions that he made that– the.
2 assumptions that he made were that first,.
CO2 just blends globally, there is no differential result.
on health in The golden state versus the U.S. in its entirety, and.
there is no result of regional carbon dioxide on air contamination in.
The golden state. Those assumptions were simply those assumptions; they.
weren'' t based on any type of science that I understand. [Ms. Solis] Were you familiar with– if there were.
any type of clinical evidence that was produced prior to what your.
research informed you, existed any type of info from EPA that you.
I am sure there have actually been.
no studies, due to the fact that the research study I did, which was released.
on February 12, 2008, is the first study to look at the impacts.
of co2 particularly on air contamination, ozone,.
and particle issue and health hazards in the United States.
all at once, and on public health.There have actually been no previous. public researches in all.
Thank you. My next question is for Dr. Frumkin, and I.
apologize if I can'' t get to everyoneEvery person You all had really good.
statement, and I want to thank you for that. But Dr. Frumkin, we have actually spoken with your associates.
that there seems to be a demand to increase funding.
in the location of global climate change and its partnership.
to health and youngsters and the need to type of fast-forward.
moneying to ensure that we can be prepared. In your viewpoint, what.
can we do to aid provide even more support for your certain office? Dr. Frumkin. We are doing what we can currently,.
in terms of public health and wellness preparedness and avoidance.
relative to climate change. We have technological support.
underway, we have research study programs in a very little method underway,.
we are constructing the scientific research base, and so forth. We acknowledge the opportunity of doing a lot more. More public health and wellness activities would involve additional study;.
we require to build our scientific research base significantly. Technical.
support to state and regional health divisions would need.
Is your budget plan properly funded.
to offer these type of research advancements that.
we need to undertake? Dr.Frumkin.

As I stated, we are doing whatever.
we can within existing sources currently. We do identify.
You could utilize more economic.
support, funding for research study, readiness, yes or no? Dr. Frumkin. With additional resources we would certainly.
Extremely excellent. I believe my time is up, however definitely we will.
come back and ask an additional round of questions so we can obtain.
to some even more of you. I desire to, currently, identify our following.
colleague below that has 5 mins for questioning, and that.
Thank you. Thank you, Madam Chair,.
and I value the witnesses and your testament,.
and I have been on this select committee– Congress, and I think.
you all provided some really superior statement, especially.
contrasted to some we have actually had. I value the information that you.
have actually supplied. Dr. Jacobson, I am interested: Aren'' t there already. neighborhoods in California that have actually not fulfilled the tidy air.
And what result does that have.
Have you examined that? Well, that is pretty well understood.
to be a major result on public wellness, so I discussed.
there have to do with 50,000 to 100,000 individuals die annually in.
the United States due to air contamination, and a great portion pass away in.
California– prematurely, that is– as a result of air contamination. And that is because of existing wellness problems as a result of mainly fossil.
And have you researched what the.
If California simply satisfied the existing, health outcomes would be.
clean air demands and obtained those cities right into attainment.
I can'' t claim I can give you.
the– I place'' t studied that specifically in regards to give.
numbers for it. Yet I should aim out that also if California.
were in accomplishment there would still be early.
deaths, because with 0.08 parts per million requirement, that is still.
method over the health and wellness threshold for ozone air pollution wellness.
impacts, which is concerning 0.035 parts per million, or 35 parts.
per billion.So, the criterion

is 80 components per billion, and the. wellness result limit is 35 components per billion. So even. You would still have health issues if you satisfied the requirement. [Mr. Walden] What level are those cities at.
Los Angeles can obtain up to 150,.
I assume in the– today, I indicate, it utilized to, in the.
1950s it would rise to 560 parts per billion, yet that doesn'' t. happen any longer. [Mr. Walden] 150 for L.A. right currently, components.
Parts per billion of ozone. And, well, I assume it may even, some days it obtains up to.
And the government restriction is expected.
Mr. Jacobson] Well, that is for 8 hours. The 1-hour standard is 120 parts per billion. These high. levels are usually for a much shorter time period, so. they might just be exceeding the 1-hour standard as opposed to. the 8-hour criterion. [Mr. Walden]
Okay. I wonder, as we consider. the balance, for how long would it
take to obtain temperature levels in. the globe to actually boil down? I indicate, that relies on what all. we may or may refrain here, but I check out Europe– they have obtained. a cap and profession system, and yet their co2 emissions. actually rose 1.1 percent in 2014, despite their structure
. in place.I am trying to find out– I have actually read some. data that it would certainly be at the very least
50 to 100 years

where you. would see a pattern line go the various other instructions. Is that what. you are discovering in your information? [Mr. Jacobson] With carbon dioxide, the life time.
of co2, which is the time it reduces to. regarding 38 percent of the initial worth, is concerning 35 to 50
years,. and so you can imagine over 35 years you will certainly begin to obtain. some comments. You will certainly get down to– you will obtain a reduction.
of two-thirds, almost, not fairly two-thirds, 60 percent.
There are various other chemicals that cause,. like black carbon, as an example– which is the major component. of residue– which has a much shorter life time of a couple of weeks. If you manage that, you can in fact get the comments within. one to 4 or 5 years.
And so if you regulate soot, that is.
[Mr. Walden] What could we do that would certainly.
Well, aside, I imply, the shortest-term.
is diesel bit filters and off-road automobiles,.
building equipment– equipment, but the next step is.
truly to transform all the diesel to tidy electric-type lorries.
eventually, or hydrogen gas cell lorries powered by clean,.
renewable– [Mr. Walden] I understand that in Europe.
they have always utilized a lot more diesel– [Mr. Jacobson] Yes. Mr. Walden [continuing] In their vehicles.
than we do, which becomes part of why they get greater gas mileage. They have likewise, subsequently, ended up with more early.
fatalities due to the fact that of the added contamination in the air.Is that.
Correct. That is one of the.
factors. Their fatality price– while the united state is 50,000 to 100,000,.
Europe is perhaps 300,000 to 350,000 per year, and a lot.
of that is due to the fact that they have, like 40 or 50 percent.
of their automobiles are diesel, placing out fragments. There.
is a lot more fragment air pollution in Europe, and particles.
One last inquiry for each of.
you, maybe, if there is time.My understanding is that under. some of the cap and profession arrangements like the Warner-Lieberman. expense– I have actually talked to some power business that depend a. great deal on coal for manufacturing of electricity, and they suggest. that their cost of power would certainly go 4.8 percent to 11.5
percent,. or greater than double. I think when we think about health and wellness issues. about heating for senior in the winter and cooling in the. summer in the hotter climates. Have any of you studied the. results of raised energy costs on healthcare, especially. amongst either the young or the elderly, if you greater than. doubled the electrical energy cost in the nation? Fifty-two percent of our power comes from. coal, if that is what the design shows
when you run it via,. that it is a two and a half times increase in electrical energy. I am questioning, have we took a look at that, also, as we look lengthy variety? Dr.Frumkin. Dr. Frumkin. We sanctuary ' t checked out that question.

at the CDC, but I would be delighted to look for info.
on that and get back to you. [Mr. Walden] Would you? Dr. Frumkin. Yes, sir. [Mr. Walden] That would certainly be valuable. Dr. Benjamin, anything from– Dr. Benjamin. No, we sanctuary'' t, although if.
we are just taking a look at cost, I think the important things we would certainly.
want to place in the formula is the cost of healthcare, which.
Yes. I want to look at all the.
prices and the impacts. Because I recognize we hear anecdotally.
when there is a substantial warm wave the variety of individuals that die.
in their homes because they don'' t have ample air conditioning. And after that when it is truly cool, we find out about those.
that are and freeze– you see the pictures on television every.
winter season of people wrapped, particularly elders. So I am just.
Attempting to figure out all of these input expenses, and.
the tradeoffs– Dr. Benjamin. We would certainly enjoy to take a look at the.
healthcare costs– [Mr.Walden] Yes. Dr. Benjamin [proceeding] Not simply the deaths,.
The people– [ Mr. Walden] Sure. Dr. Ideal or– Dr. Best. The influences of these extreme temperature levels.
are very genuine for youngsters. In regards to cost,.
that is not a calculation that the Academy has a base on,.
neither do we do research study. We do recognize that there are groups.
that have actually done this, and we will be happy to report on that. [Mr. Walden] Thanks. Dr. Patz. I collaborate with power plan specialists.
in our Facility, and a couple factors that they have actually informed me.
is that the competitive price of renewables is coming.
method down; wind power is coming to be competitive. In addition, I would certainly.
like to mention, too, historically the debates against.
the Clean Air Act, where the disagreement was, “This is means too.
costly. It is mosting likely to cost our economic climate; it is mosting likely to.
harm us.'' ' ' And there were significant concerns. And once the Clean Air Act was executed,.
there were some evaluations conducted that located that, by far,.
the benefits, especially health advantages and ecological.
advantages– but specifically wellness advantages– made the Clean.
Air Act much favorable.In truth, the issue of the price.
was unwarranted. [Mr. Walden] You put on'' t think there is
any. worry about a, perhaps, 2 and a half-fold rise in expense.
of electrical power created from coal? That that won'' t have any type of. health effect or any kind of impact on the economy? Dr. Patz. Well, I think that is a wonderful research study. question. [Mr. Walden] . Dr. Patz. I think that the disagreement around. economic situation versus ecological security is an incorrect debate. [Mr. Walden] I am not making that debate;.
I am trying to locate out– [Ms. Solis] Time is means over, and I say thanks to.
you.But we will have an additional round of questioning. I am going. to excuse myself; I have to go enact an additional subcommittee,.
and I am going to turn the gavel over to Congressman Inslee.
for his 5 mins of examining. [Mr. Inslee] [presiding] Thanks. Dr. Jacobson.
I believe has actually been too small here. I think he is in fact.
the writer of a paper called, “A Renewable Resource Service.
to Global Warming,'' ' ' which speaks regarding the electrification.
of our transport system, and it causes significant.
optimism. I will certainly share that with Mr. Walden; he might.
find it intriguing. [Mr. Walden] I would certainly love to see it. [Mr. Inslee] I will do that. Do you want to.
Sure. I am delighted to.
have checked out, what is the possibility of converting the.
entire car fleet in the United States to electric automobiles.
powered by sustainable energy, mainly wind and solar– a mix,.
really, of wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, and.
tidal bore power. And, well, one evaluation we focused largely.
on wind and checked out, well, the amount of wind generators would we.
require to power the entire automobile fleet? And it transformed out to be, with instilled 5-megawatt,.
which are large wind turbines that are presently existing.
in Europe– they are not in the United States now, but they.
are manufactured by a company– if you put them in areas.
where the wind speed is in between seven and a half and eight and.
a fifty percent meters per second on the annual average, then it turns.
out you would require between 70,000 and 120,000 5-megawatt wind.
wind turbines to power the entire U.S.Vehicle fleet with electrical. cars.
Because electric lorries are so, and part of this is.
efficient– contrasted to internal combustion they are concerning 4.
to 5 times much more efficient– so you need less energy, essentially,.
to run them. There is plenty of wind to really do.
this. Incidentally, this number– 70,000 to 120,000– that.
is less than the 300,000 planes that were created in World.
War II over a period of 7 years, the majority of those in the last.
3 years. And the space you need for this is not that terrific. It ends up, well, just for the wind turbine spacing– you need to.
different them by a specific distance so they wear'' t disrupt. each other– but also for this it has to do with 0.5 percent of the United.
States; maybe a great deal of it offshore.But that compares to, if you intended to do. the very same thing with ethanol-fueled cars you would require. about 15 percent of the whole USA, which is 30 times. more acreage, or perhaps cellulosic ethanol would certainly be 20 times. even more acreage for that than doing it with wind.
And the real. land location you would need for the wind turbine spacing touching.
the ground is really only two square kilometers, because.
they can use– for all these generators, due to the fact that they are simply. poles in the ground– you
can make use of all the land beneath for. farming and ranching and open
space.And a great deal of this might also.

go offshore, so it doesn ' t in fact have to go over land. [Mr. Inslee] Doctor, I have got to ensure– I.
have actually got one more question. I was really heartened by.
your study, since it validates kind of what I believed,.
and there are a couple publications that discuss that theory out.
there, one called, “Earth: The Sequel,'' ' ' which is the regular–
another. one is called, “Apollo''' s Fire. ' ' And they both are. hopeful visions, and I appreciate your research study on.
that, and I will attempt to show to my colleagues. Dr. Frumkin, the U.S. High court decision.
in Massachusetts v.EPA needed the EPA to determine.
whether greenhouse gas exhausts can be reasonably.
prepared for to jeopardize public wellness and well-being. Regardless of,.
evidently, EPA'' s staff ' s finding that it did, the management.
declined to validate that endangerment choice. I simply.
intend to ask you, based upon your substantial know-how in public.
wellness, do you believe that greenhouse gas emissions create.
or contribute to air pollution, which may sensibly be prepared for.
Dr. Frumkin. Thank you for the inquiry.

to the inquiry. CDC doesn'' t have a setting on those issues, nor.
does it have a position on any of EPA'' s regulative decisions. What I can do is speak with the public health science.The science.

is clear that co2 does add to climate.
modification, and as I and others have actually testified right here today, environment.
I kind of take that as an indeed,.
that it does have the capacity to jeopardize public wellness, however,.
you know, is that a fair statement? Dr. Frumkin. I believe I would certainly let my words.
I believe we get the message; I.
wish the White House home. I wanted to read a quote, actually, which.
was among the– if you rely on irony, this is among the.
Arrays of. ' ' Would any individual disagree with the setting that.
that co2 has the ability or capacity to.
jeopardize public wellness? Does anyone disagree with that said on.
If you were– that, I will certainly take that no one differs. Next concern: As public health experts
, we. You know, you have been.
effective in seatbelts, in transforming habits, and you.
have had some success with tobacco usage. What messaging functions to.
assistance move America in that direction? Dr. Benjamin. Mr. Inslee, I assume, simply from. the American public health point of view, we require to transform. the message from,
“The end of the globe, there is absolutely nothing we.

' ' I believe that what frequently happens with a big. And so, my viewpoint.
Dr. Patz. Dr. Patz. If I could simply include, I believe.
that the concern of co-benefits, that as a matter of fact this can be.
a fantastic chance if we think of altering some of our power.
policies, specifically in the location of transport– 60.
percent of Americans do not meet the minimum recommended.
level of exercise, and this is one where we have kind.
of made unhealthy cities. And this is a great chance.
Decreasing greenhouse when we believe regarding greening cities.
gases and car web traffic. We have a great possibility to improve.
personal physical fitness. Another factor that I believe is both in your area,.
as Dr. Jacobson aimed out, relating to carbon dioxide emission influencing.
The golden state, but additionally that, in fact, our CO2 discharges do influence the world. And similar to.
the disagreement of previously owned tobacco smoke, where what one person.
When he lights up a cigarette and that smoke affects, does.
somebody else, this is in fact a global problem too,.
and that our power emissions are, actually, hurting various other countries,.
not just our own.So I assume that is a message regarding.
an ethical issue. [Mr. Inslee] I appreciate it. Dr. Frumkin, did you have something? Dr. Frumkin. Yes, sir, simply to allow you understand.
that the CDC has actually been holding a series of specialist workshops.
on different aspects of climate adjustment, and one of the most current.
one was on health and wellness communication concerning climate modification,.
exactly because we acknowledge the concern that you.
simply positioned, that public health and wellness interaction has actually been extremely.
effective in numerous domains; what can we gain from that to apply.
to climate change interaction? We recognize, as an example, that negative or threatening.
information is hard for individuals to take, however if it is.
combined with useful suggestions concerning what you.
can do, it is a lot easier for people to accept that news. [Mr. Inslee] Well, several of us believe– and.
I appreciate Dr.Benjamin ' s remark– that'we require to switch. from doom and grief to
a sense of a can-do, innovative, positive.
spirit of America. That is an American message, I think,.
that will be successful right here. I will certainly currently hear 5 mins from Rep.
Cleaver. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
for being late. Like everyone, we are all running in between.
a number of hearings, but I didn'' t desire to miss this for.
a variety of factors. And the key factor is the panel;.
those of you right here provide– great point of view on this issue. And.
I matured in an all black area in Texas, and we lived.
a few backyards away from the waste therapy– well, in fact, it did.
not obtain the anticipated name of waste therapy plant.
up until a few years earlier. [Giggling.] You understand, I likewise recognize that the incidence.
of some diseases, most especially bronchial asthma, is greatest.
amongst African- Americans.

Mr. Walden] When we assume about wellness concerns, I think. Following question: As public health specialists
, we. Mr. Inslee, I believe, simply from. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.When you look at where the, and
waste therapy plant was, and additionally where the city dump was situated,
you see that that has obtained a 99.9 percent African-American
area. And I understand especially Dr.Patz, you made use of the term
“disproportional susceptability,'' ' ' and it captured my focus previously. And is the environment modification and atmosphere putting in jeopardy the poorest people, individuals of shade that stay in areas where we have actually selected, with some wonderful intentionality, to locate these centers that release, I assume at the least, unpleasant smells and perhaps even some other particles that would certainly be harming? Dr. Patz. This is an extremely good point concerning the different portions of the population that would certainly be most prone to environment adjustment. And what we are taking care of when we speak about environment change are extreme and environmental problems, be it a warm front, a flooding, a dry spell, or severe storm. Certainly we understand that it is the inadequate that are most in jeopardy in warm front, especially the inadequate senior. As much as flooding, you recognize, individuals that live in flood levels would certainly be a lot more at risk.And when you take care of ozone pollution, it is real that African-Americans do have a higher rate of asthma. There are definitely– when you, you understand, when you take a look at Cyclone Katrina, which, you recognize, simply was a– you know, we wear ' t know– I won ' t make any kind of judgments regarding why it occurred
, however when Cyclone Katrina hit, it actually was the inadequate, and many African-Americans in New Orleans that simply did not have the means or the capability to venture out of town and prevent that disaster.So I believe to the degree, in this nation, absolutely there are

populations in jeopardy that are mainly the bad;
and if you look worldwide, it coincides situation.

Thank you.
Dr. Benjamin, would certainly you claim that there are points in garbage dumps that might end up being air-borne that would certainly do damages– clinical damages
— to individuals that live close by? Dr. Benjamin.
Absolutely.
Dr. Best. We need to think about children, especially,. Thank you extremely a lot.
We can go for an additional round of examining. And I certainly would such as to ask some if you would certainly such as. inquiries. However I would certainly such as to return
to Dr.

Frumkin,. and simply a standard inquiry here: Do you think that greenhouse. gases do have an influence on health and wellness– an unfavorable result.
Dr. Frumkin. I think that was a concern we. I discussed was that that is a complicated question with governing.
on the governing and legal measurements of that inquiry. As for
the science, there is strong proof that carbon.
dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate
. change, and there is strong proof that environment adjustment threatens. health in a number of means. [ Ms. Solis] Have any type of researches in your department.
that you have been involved in shown that? Dr. Frumkin.
I am sorry, suggest– [Ms. Solis] That there is a correlation, and.
actually this is evidence.Dr. Frumkin. One example of study that. we have done would be looking at warm front, and characterizing. the epidemiology of warm front, identifying that.

is the most susceptible and exactly how the ailments and fatalities. take place from warm waves. Warm front are anticipated to become more. usual with climate adjustment. [
Ms. Solis] That is an of course.
It isn ' t necessarily the instance that all of our. Dr.
Frumkin. Give thanks to.
of an arranged method right here of preparing youngsters for these.
negative wellness impacts that are taking place.
Can you be particular. and give me some concept of what we could do that currently isn ' t. in existence that can aid us plan for that? Dr. Best. Well, we have talked in
broad generalizations. regarding a few of the problems today. An excellent public wellness.
infrastructure that is supported and moneyed suitably is. trick. In regards to youngsters ' s wellness, we additionally require.
medical insurance for kids. We need to make certain.
We additionally require to believe regarding children when. The cost of an. Have you seen any kind of differences– we.
areas of shade and the general populace.

Are you. seeing any one of that with respect to just how adverse health– Dr.
Best. I see it every day. With my– Ms. Solis [
proceeding] Relative to air. pollution– Dr. Best. Yes. Yes, ma ' am. [Ms. Solis] And can you elaborate? Dr. Finest. I serve the low-income minority. populace of Washington
, DC on a daily basis in my medical method;. those are the youngsters that I look after. And they endure. bronchial asthma, negative irreversible harm to their lung feature because. of the air contamination results in the city.
And they have. inadequate accessibility to care due to the fact that of the reality that Washington,. DC is yet one more instance of a city island where kids.
aren ' t dealt with too. [Ms. Solis] . Okay. Dr. Patz, do you wish to chime in? Dr.Patz. Yes. I would much like to make a. remark about
, you'recognize, concerning the research and what is available,. what is around, what do we recognize, and what do we need. to do. You know, Dr. Frumkin discussed that the CDC is doing. every little thing that it can due to the fact that they recognize just how climate modification. is a very vital public wellness issue.
I have been doing climate adjustment health research. To date, I truly.
some of the health effects of climate change.There is an intention; they comprehend the. issue.
They desire to do something,. I wear ' t see funding at the CDC. American public from the health results of environment modification.
'NIH has actually not been funding. climate change health and wellness research.They are now chatting– they. are in fact meeting next week, and ideally they will. have some required to really assign funding to public health and wellness. research. But I believe that we truly
— you recognize, I have.

been getting these grants
, and– the CDC truly has. minimal financing to sustain their initiatives to secure us from environment. change, and I believe that is a huge demand. [Ms. Solis]
Thanks quite. Dr. Jacobson, I intend to thank you for your
. statement, initially of all, and just tell you that the location that. I stand for in California is one of the heavier-polluted. areas. We have freeways that just transfer us throughout our. neighborhoods there, and I have actually usually asked yourself
also, as my coworker. Mr. Cleaver asked, concerning ambient air pollution and the. cause and effect for our children, as was pointed out earlier, having. a lot task outside and not being effectively– or the people. that should be– the gatekeepers must be in some way aiding. to try to provide even more info in terms of safety for our. children.Can you maybe discuss that? [Mr. Jacobson]
I presume it is Los Angeles? [Ms. Solis] Yes. Los Angeles. East Los Angeles. [
Mr. Jacobson] Okay. Yes, living near a freeway.
is an unsafe area to live, due to the fact that you have. fragments coming right from the tailpipe, which is when. the concentrations are the greatest. Particles, incidentally, are. the most damaging part of air contamination and there is no. threshold to the illness because of
particles.You can. drop to practically no, and you get health issue due to fragments. And lorries are giving off bits also.
they are a whole lot– the discharges are a lot reduced than they.
utilized to be. They are still producing these particles, and they.
And these particles– these are the ones discharged. Currently, that doesn ' t mean other people aren ' t affected. After that there are various other kinds of particles that develop in.
People much downwind actually.
additionally have a huge– are affected by the air pollution substantially. So there is this neighborhood impact, where people.
near freeways have negative health and wellness impacts– [Ms. Solis] It is intensified? Well, it is not– well,.
I would claim if you are on the west side you are not obtaining. A lot of the secondary pollution– [ Ms.Solis] Right. Mr. Jacobson [
proceeding] You are getting. even more of the main air pollution. , if you are on the east.. side you get even more of the additional contamination, so it is– [Ms. Solis] Where lower-income people have a tendency.
Near the highways, possibly. You are obtaining even more of the primary pollution,. All populaces are getting the second pollution, really,.
[Ms. Solis] And simply a last discuss soot.
Something that you didn ' t mention was marine vessels, and.
Mr. Jacobson] Yes. It includes marine vessels.
Since aircraft is one more, and airplanes in terms of their–. unregulated resource of residue emissions, and marine vessels. are, I presume I am uncertain what the standing of the policy. is, however they are basically uncontrolled on the worldwide range. Which is a location where you can obtain– specifically in ports. I suggest, when you are bent on sea there is going. to be some impact, yet it is not going to affect the.
health as high as best near ports, if marine vessels are idling. I think in California there have actually been some recent regulations. to have them connect in– to make sure that type of things is a really good.
idea. [Ms. Solis] Okay. My time is up, so we will.

go following to Mr. Walden for examining. [ Mr. Walden] Thank you. Thanks, Madam Chair. I value that. Dr. Jacobson, I am mosting likely to stab in the back this. concern of wind turbines.
I represent a 70,000 square mile. area in eastern Oregon, home for the northwest, possibly,.
to several of the many wind generators in the location, with a lot more.
turning up online. And I understand that it functions well there due to.
the dams that enable us to have hydropower. There are some– even some on this board– that.
would love to remove a few of those dams, and I put on'' t. know what the replacement power is, yet it is mosting likely to have.
a bigger carbon footprint than hydro.But due to the fact that the

wind. isn ' t company power,'that becomes a little bit of an issue. And I understand.
the Bonneville Power Administration has told me there is.
a capability to just how much wind they can really place on the grid. Are you knowledgeable about research studies that give us some.
ideas, regionally, where we can place the wind? My.
understanding is in the Dakotas, actually, there is far more.
wind potential than other locations. Have you looked at those infrastructure.
Yes. Two points. One, we.
did produce a globe wind map, and it is in fact the just.
map of the world'' s winds at 80 meters, which is the height of.
modern-day wind turbines. And that is openly available; I would certainly more than happy.
to send it to you.Second, we have looked at combining various. renewables together to firm the capacity, and having– the.
Due to the fact that it has, west coast is really fit for this.
a great deal of hydro, and the hydro is excellent for, yes, taking care of.
Due to the fact that you can turn it, the intermittency and loading in voids.
off within 15 or 20 seconds in rotating book setting. However you can really incorporate likewise solar, because.
a great deal of areas wind heights at evening and solar optimals.
throughout the day, so you can also incorporate wind and solar and balance.
the tons better there, and utilize the hydro to complete all the.
spaces from that.So we did

a research for California– it was kind.
Of a harsh study; we are doing some more detailed study now–.
we discovered that for 2020, if we in fact looked hour by hour,.
that if we integrated these renewables together– solar, wind, hydroelectric,.
geothermal, those are the ones we checked out– you can obtain an.
I indicate, that was in California,.
and I assume it coincides in Oregon, as well, and.
Washington.

[Mr. Walden] Yes, I would certainly believe so. The Geo-Heat.
Facility at the Oregon Institute of Innovation in Klamath.
Autumns– they have actually spent a lot of time taking a look at geothermal.
possible and informed me that there is sufficient in Oregon to create.
Yes. With geothermal,.
because these brand-new breakthroughs in the last year and a half– being.
able to generate power at a reduced enables the delta between.
the chilly water and the warm at lower, and we have actually obtained a 10-meg.
geothermal plant just sited in my area. The secret that we will certainly have out west is.
we have the capacity; a lot of it hinges on federal land. And there are couple of on this board, or on the committees in.
charge of this Congress today, that will certainly permit us to access.
those resources. If we are major concerning, and it seems to me.
dealing with some of these energy problems, you need to be able to.
website the wind where it is required, where it can generate with wind.
wind turbines, within limits, I understand.We are starting

to get pushback on that particular aesthetic. influence.
You mentioned offshore. You know, Massachusetts,.
they didn'' t desire it where they could see it. No one desires any type of.
of this things where they can see it, by the method. And in regards to geothermal, I assume we are.
going to deal with some difficulties to accessing that. I mean,.
have you took a look at that? [Mr. Jacobson] Yes. Well, geothermal is a.
baseload, so it doesn'' t truly have the intermittency issues– [Mr. Walden] That is fantastic. [Mr. Jacobson] Yes. It is a great baseload. I place ' t took a look at that with a great deal of information, however it is a. excellent source.In regards to siting the wind generators, keep.
If you actually desire to solve this, in mind that the complete area.
issue is quite– it is not a huge amount of area you would certainly.
need. [Mr. Walden] Right. [Mr. Jacobson] The inquiry is, do you.
want to consider the wind generators, or would you instead look.
at a coal fire nuclear power plant? I indicate, it is not actually a– nobody.
intends to include anything; it is really a concern of what.
you are changing. [Mr. Walden] Right. [Mr. Jacobson] And so if you have a coal fire.
nuclear power plant that is, you understand, releasing stuff that is.
harming your youngsters downwind, you recognize, you would believe individuals.
prefer to take a look at the wind turbines.There have to do with,

I assume. it resembles 20 or 25 overseas wind proposals in the United States.
now; and the just one you ever before read about is the one in.
Massachusetts, but in fact, all the various other ones, they don'' t have. Good. In terms of– well,.
I am not claiming they don'' t have issues, however in terms. They put on'' t have as. Well, and I am genuine interested,.
as well, in the concept of plug-in crossbreeds. I got a Prius.
last July that will certainly greater than double my gas mileage right here in Washington,.
and last month I purchased a Ford Retreat crossbreed, and obtaining.
66 percent better gas mileage than the SUV I made use of to have. I would certainly love to be able to bill it up at night on the grid,.
however you can'' t do that yet. In regards to battery development and residential.
financial investment, we have actually done that in different energy costs; we.
have placed money around to purchase new modern technology for battery.
life.What are you seeing on the clinical side of things? Just how far are we from actually making a jump forward on batteries? [Mr. Jacobson] Well, Tesla turned out their. Pure electric lorry on lithium-ion laptop computer batteries,. therefore they are beginning to produce them.
So they exist. now; there are an extremely small number.
I think they produce one– one. of them is in fact when driving now, and I think there. are one more– [They do exist, and there.
are lots of electric vehicle firms complying with in the wings. And from what Tesla claims, you know, these batteries a while.I.

imply, I have a Prius myself. I obtained it in 2001 or 2002, and I place'' t. had to alter the battery. And that is not with these lithium-ion.
batteries; that is with the older variation. They last quite long. The older ones also.
last quite long, from my very own personal experience. And.
the lithium-ion, from what they state, need to additionally last quite.
a while as well. So I wear'' t know a whole lot concerning the information of the.
battery sector, but I can say that I am rather confident.
regarding it. Yet that is the concept, is to connect in your very own.
home; so you have, maybe, solar panels on your roof covering, you.
have smart meters that control when you obtain the electrical power,.
so that is an additional means to smooth out the supply of periodic.
renewable resource. And in The golden state, PG&E is doing that; they.
are developing clever meters to make sure that they can manage when.
If you connect in your vehicle at evening, you obtain your power. It is actually a combination of all these.
renewables with a wise electric grid, and in fact arranging.
the grid in such a method in the USA to ensure that we can.
not just have– we understand where the wind ranches ought to go– however we.
have the transmission between them, because that is.
really the limiting consider the expansion of wind, is transmission,.
and we require an organized transmission grid.And likewise,

.
that lowers the intermittency too, if we link 2 wind.
farms that are far apart sufficient, after that you ravel the supply,.
There is an advantage– a monetary and a wind advantage. Thank you, Dr. Jacobson. Thank.
Thank you, Dr. Jacobson. I appreciate.
it. [Ms. Solis] Currently I would such as to recognize.
Mr. Cleaver for one more round of questioning. Thank you, Madam Chair.
I ask, if people leave the space and threat intellectual damages.
by not hearing every little thing that goes on here, if you would.
When you go out, hold the door. It is creating sound air pollution. The question that I would certainly like each of you.
to address is, we recognize the concerns of difficulty. We will certainly begin with you, Mr. Jacobson.

Mr. Cleaver asked, regarding ambient air pollution and the. Mr. Jacobson] Currently, that doesn ' t mean other people aren ' t affected. Mr. Jacobson [Mr. Cleaver for one more round of questioning.What
would you do if you belonged to Congress, in regards to
regulation, that would have the best impact in decreasing
the wellness dangers of the American public, particularly its kids,
as a result of climate adjustment? [Mr. Jacobson] I would do 2 things.One.

relates to supplying far better renewable resource sources,. and the various other connects to– if we return to the concern I was.
going over, which is the waiver problem, being able to enable states.
to in fact control their discharges, and then that also.
is effectively the same point, which permits them to search for.
ways to reduce their carbon and autos, be it by a reduced fuel.
conventional or some even more renewable resource. However extra particularly, having a nationwide program,.
as I pointed out, for broadening renewable resource.
widespread– due to the fact that if you check out the individual states''. profile requirements, they are, you know, they have expansion.
of renewables to 20 percent, let us state, of their.
complete power. That is not sufficient; you require.
an 80 percent reduction in carbon to attend to climate adjustment. You require a significant facilities adjustment that.
is a lot larger than any person is proposing at state.
In order for that to work, you need a better transmission.
system to adjoin these. Having kind of an arranged transmission.
system with a large renewable energy program would certainly.
make a great deal of these problems disappear because– specifically if you.
begin using battery-electric lorries rather than the,.
you understand, fossil gas vehicles, after that you make a lot of these air.
contamination problems vanish instantly with much better innovations. But in the meantime, enabling states like California.
to control their own carbon dioxide has a similar result, due to the fact that various other states.
then comply with. California has actually been an example for half a century,.
generally, because 1948, when the Los Angeles Air Contamination.
Control Area began making guidelines, and it is really– the.
extremely initially car control act on the planet was.
a The Golden State 1959 Automobile Control Act from The Golden State. You actually need to have states regulate their contamination, and.
Thank you. I am going to ask that each of you would do.
Thank you very much, Dr. Jacobson. Well, Dr. Jacobson talked to energy.
and transport policy. I am going to talk.
to public health and wellness activities that we require to take. These are the standard public health and wellness security.
steps: We require surveillance and tracking, great data.
collection, to ensure that we have a sense of where we are both on environmental.
danger elements and on wellness. We require public health.
preparedness preparation, to ensure that areas and states can.
projection the issues that they may encounter and take actions.
to secure the general public. We need research study so that we better recognize.
the health and wellness implications of environment change. We require good.
communication to make sure that people comprehend the concern and the steps.
they can take. Every one of those are the criterion tools in the.
public health tool kit and the actions– what we can do to advertise.
those activities would certainly go a long way toward helping us secure.
public health and wellness. [Mr. Cleaver] Thanks. Dr. Benjamin. Dr. Benjamin. Allow me concur with my previous.
associates on what they claimed, especially the comments.
from Dr.Frumkin regarding spending more in the public health. infrastructure.
Let me talk regarding two very particular points as. One, I would certainly like to see a program in fact.
And obviously, additionally,. Truly
paying a lot great deal attentionInterest Once more, the ranch expense, the transport.
bill, great deals of points that we do around grown-up settings.
that have big health ramifications, and for Congress.
to consider health and wellness effect assessments in all of those.
items of legislation.And clearly we would

aspire. to help you as you assume through that. [Mr. Cleaver] Thanks. Dr. Ideal. And I would second every one of my coworkers''. remarks. I would likewise prompt a long-term force perspective,.
instead than temporary prompt gain. When we think of children, again, we assume.
about how much time they are mosting likely to be on the Planet, and.
we need to think of just how an exposure or a catastrophe that.
they experience throughout youth impacts the rest of their.
lives. We additionally require to think in the micro-level too, and assume.
regarding exactly how we, as people, can minimize, recycle, recycle, and.
think of how we, as coworkers and staff members and individuals.
in hospitals, just how we can ensure that those principles are.
Dr. Patz. I.
think assume climate change modification influence so many lots of.
Attending to climate.
Urban preparation is part of this problem. All-natural. All-natural.
It is a genuinely new kind of difficulty, and. I think this is absolutely one of the most, you understand, severe.
Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you really much. I desired to personally thank all of you for.
coming and offering us with your statement, and for.
talking prior to the select board. It indicates a lot to.
us that are servicing this concern, and especially this topic for.
several of us is so essential. It is a top priority for a lot of us, and as a.
participant of the Energy and Business Committee that I rest on,.
and Wellness Subcommittee, this is something that I have.
been hoping to see even more conversation around. So, we don'' t simply have. to have it in the select board, however it should be in other. committees of similar jurisdictions.But I wished to make one remark, and afterwards. I will most likely to each of you and ask you to give me a 1-minute. type of wrap-up of what we need to remove from your discussion.
today. And one is, for me right now, I am typically confused.
that we are not able to get the research study data that indicates.
that we are having adverse impacts, chronic diseases, and just how.
that, after that, is contiguous with much of the environmental– the.
particulate issue, the smog, the ozone– and where that.
is quickly accessible for the public.It is great

that we have the scientific research and the.
research, however if it is not associated or united.
in some layout, the public and the voting public is not totally.
familiar with what those ramifications are. We see it shown up years.
out, especially with kids and our senior. We discuss.
bronchial asthma; this is one instance. Yet that is something that I recognize that I have.
been annoyed over for a number of years, given.
the distance of where I live, in a part of southern The golden state.
where the ozone, smog, water contaminants, many, lots of unfavorable.
contaminants that are affecting our populace, that will certainly have.
Anyway, that is my one cent, for what it.
deserves. And after that I will most likely to Dr. Patz and offer you each.
a minute to type of provide us something below on the board.
that we can eliminate, that we should be assuming concerning. Dr. Patz. So we really, you know, we do recognize.
that environment change does present these threats, and.
We are beginning to make some progression as much. And I believe that that is where, you know, where environment. These kinds of analysis.
However I likewise believe that we have actually generated this. problem of wellness influence analysis, which is much more than. simply looking at unfavorable risks that we are used to examining,. yet to take a look at both the negative impacts and
prospective positive. results from adjustments in plan.
And this is where I think. we actually require to obtain a much better handle of– that will get a better.
metrology of truth tale when you transform policy and.
you lower greenhouse gases, as an example, in a metropolitan.
populace. You recognize, the numerous co-benefits to air.
contamination reduction, raised fitness, and decreased.
greenhouse gases, it has actually got to be a comprehensive-type analysis.
to truly get an understanding of evaluating that plan intervention.
for climate change.Dr.

Best. As a pediatrician– and as you understand,.
I am here to represent kids– I would certainly prompt you to consider.
kids and kids'' s wellness every single time you decide,.
due to the fact that what benefits youngsters is excellent for the rest.
of us, it is good for the atmosphere, it benefits our education and learning.
system, it benefits service. We require to keep in mind that kids are right here.
for longer than I am, or at the very least their potential life is.
longer than mine, and that every little thing we do that enhances the environment,.
that improves our education and learning system, that improves our health and wellness.
care system has a many-fold impact on their lives. And that.
Includes public wellness facilities. Thank you. Thank you.
that climate adjustment is here and it has wellness results. Number two, we can and need to resolve it now.And number. three, let me simply concentrate extremely specifically on the area of at risk. populations, because I understand others will certainly speak about the. more comprehensive public wellness problems. And one, we require to begin considering, very. especially, the scientific research around just how this affects these. at risk populations.
Second, trying to involve. them now in the discussion, and I make use of words discussion.
very especially to ensure that we wear'' t just speak to individuals, or talk. at people, we really take part in a two-way dialogue.And number

3, engage them currently so that.
we can start to craft remedies that make good sense for their.
world. Their globe is different than the world that I may live in,.
the globe that you might reside in, depending upon socioeconomic status,.
et cetera, or other capabilities, and we need to very particularly.
engage them in their globe for services. [Ms. Solis] Thank you. Dr. Frumkin. Dr. Frumkin. Representative Solis, thanks.
significantly, and thank your colleagues as well, on this board,.
for beaming a limelight on this really crucial trouble. Environment change is a significant public wellness challenge. There is a.
whole lot we in the general public health industry can do to tackle it. The standard terms mitigation and adaptation.
match to what we in public health and wellness phone call avoidance.
and readiness, and those are typical public wellness efforts. We require much better research study so we comprehend the science better. We need readiness planning, to make sure that we can take.
steps to protect public health and wellness. We require to interact successfully the things.
we find out and the recommendations we develop.As we do all.

of that, we need to concentrate on the most vulnerable among us:.
bad areas, neighborhoods of shade, those with specific.
vulnerabilities, to make sure that we can take unique steps to make sure.
those areas are protected. We at CDC stand ready to work with other agencies,.
with state and neighborhood public health, with organizations.
across the health and wellness field, and with partners in transport,.
power, and various other fields so that we can do the best.
we can to secure public health. Thank you.

[Ms. Solis] Thanks. Thank you. Dr. Jacobson. [Mr. Jacobson] Well, I believe we– thanks.
very a lot for inviting me, once again– I think we understand that environment.
modification is mosting likely to raise, and it does presently raise.
air pollution the most where the pollution is already the.
highest possible. And today the pollution is greatest in The golden state,.
and so that would certainly offer a reason for The golden state to be able to.
control its own air pollution. If we look extra extensively at what are some options.
to environment modification, after that there are these large.
renewable resource options that are practical in terms.
of the resources readily available, if we just put our mind to it. I think it really needs sort of a focus on that issue, and.
part of the problem I have seen– the reason there hasn'' t been. even more of a focus on eco-friendly power services– is that a whole lot.
of the, not just the financing, yet additionally the, simply the talk, is really.
on services that are truly less than authorities, from a.
environment or air pollution point of view.I speak specifically of, for instance, bio-fuels,.
which there is really no presentation that it in fact.
enhances environment or air pollution. There is this carbon.
sequestration, there is, you understand, clean coal, other innovations.
that have actually been pushed by markets, which the scientific research.
hasn'' t revealed that these are in fact verified benefits. I assume.
there is an excellent change of focus.

[Ms. Solis] . Thanks so a lot. That will certainly conclude our hearing, and I want.
to say thanks to the members that came this early morning, and additionally our.
witnesses and to the target market. Ideally this will be the initial.
in a series of discussions we will carry the environment,.
Thank you really a lot. Thank you.
is adjourned. [Whereupon, at 11:53 a.m., the board was.
adjourned.]

Consists of public health facilities. And one, we need to begin looking at, extremely. Climate modification is a major public wellness difficulty. There is a.
lot great deal in the public health sector field do to tackle it. We require far better study so we understand the scientific research much better.

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